#001 · Concession and counterargument
〜とはいえ
Granted / nevertheless
Example 1
制度は改善されたとはいえ、課題は依然として残る。
→ Although the system improved, issues remain.
Reading tip
In argumentation, find the writer's position after acknowledging an opposing view.
N1 Reading Patterns
24 advanced N1 reading patterns: concessions, inference, limits and argument structure, with examples and quizzes.
Reading pattern collection
Showing 24 of 24 patterns
Patterns and examples are independently authored study material, not official JLPT transcripts.
#002 · Concession and counterargument
〜ものの
Although / even though
Example 1
調査は行ったものの、十分な資料は得られなかった。
→ Although a survey was conducted, sufficient data was not obtained.
Reading tip
In argumentation, find the writer's position after acknowledging an opposing view.
#003 · Concession and counterargument
〜にもまして
Even more than
Example 1
昨年にもまして、今年は対応の速さが求められる。
→ Speed of response matters even more this year than last.
Reading tip
In argumentation, find the writer's position after acknowledging an opposing view.
#004 · Concession and counterargument
〜をよそに
Ignoring / despite
Example 1
周囲の心配をよそに、本人は平然としていた。
→ Ignoring others' concerns, the person remained calm.
Reading tip
In argumentation, find the writer's position after acknowledging an opposing view.
#005 · Concession and counterargument
〜にひきかえ
In sharp contrast to
Example 1
兄が慎重なのにひきかえ、弟は思い切りがいい。
→ Unlike his cautious older brother, the younger one is bold.
Reading tip
In argumentation, find the writer's position after acknowledging an opposing view.
#006 · Concession and counterargument
〜までもなく
Without even needing to
Example 1
言うまでもなく、安全が最優先されるべきだ。
→ Needless to say, safety should come first.
Reading tip
In argumentation, find the writer's position after acknowledging an opposing view.
#007 · Inference and judgment
〜に相違ない
Undoubtedly / must be
Example 1
これだけ準備したのだから、成功するに相違ない。
→ Given all this preparation, it must succeed.
Reading tip
Distinguish facts, inferences, and degrees of certainty.
#008 · Inference and judgment
〜にたえる
Worthy of / bear
Example 1
この作品は繰り返し読むにたえる。
→ This work is worth rereading.
Reading tip
Distinguish facts, inferences, and degrees of certainty.
#009 · Inference and judgment
〜とあって
Given that / because
Example 1
人気作家の講演とあって、会場は満員だった。
→ Since it was a talk by a popular author, the venue was packed.
Reading tip
Distinguish facts, inferences, and degrees of certainty.
#010 · Inference and judgment
〜から察するに
Judging from
Example 1
表情から察するに、彼は納得していないようだ。
→ Judging from his expression, he seems unconvinced.
Reading tip
Distinguish facts, inferences, and degrees of certainty.
#011 · Inference and judgment
〜と見られる
Is believed / considered
Example 1
今回の変化は一時的なものと見られる。
→ This change is considered temporary.
Reading tip
Distinguish facts, inferences, and degrees of certainty.
#012 · Inference and judgment
〜を禁じ得ない
Cannot help but feel
Example 1
結果を知り、驚きを禁じ得なかった。
→ I couldn't help feeling surprised when I heard the result.
Reading tip
Distinguish facts, inferences, and degrees of certainty.
#013 · Conditions and limitations
〜ない限り
Unless
Example 1
本人が説明しない限り、真相は分からない。
→ Unless the person explains, we won't know the truth.
Reading tip
Watch for exceptions, necessary conditions, and limits on a claim.
#014 · Conditions and limitations
〜をもって
By means of / on the basis of
Example 1
一度の失敗をもって、能力を判断すべきではない。
→ One failure alone shouldn't determine someone's ability.
Reading tip
Watch for exceptions, necessary conditions, and limits on a claim.
#015 · Conditions and limitations
〜といえども
Even / although
Example 1
専門家といえども、間違えることはある。
→ Even experts sometimes make mistakes.
Reading tip
Watch for exceptions, necessary conditions, and limits on a claim.
#016 · Conditions and limitations
〜にしては
For / considering
Example 1
初めてにしては、よくできている。
→ It's very good for a first attempt.
Reading tip
Watch for exceptions, necessary conditions, and limits on a claim.
#017 · Conditions and limitations
〜を除いて
Except for
Example 1
特別な場合を除いて、申し込みは受け付けない。
→ Applications are not accepted except in special cases.
Reading tip
Watch for exceptions, necessary conditions, and limits on a claim.
#018 · Conditions and limitations
〜ないことには
Unless / without first
Example 1
現場を見ないことには、判断できない。
→ We can't judge without seeing the site.
Reading tip
Watch for exceptions, necessary conditions, and limits on a claim.
#019 · Argument framing and citations
〜にほかならない
Nothing other than
Example 1
今回の成果は、全員の努力の結果にほかならない。
→ This achievement is nothing other than the result of everyone's effort.
Reading tip
Identify quoted claims, supporting evidence, and the writer's conclusion.
#020 · Argument framing and citations
〜に即して
In accordance with
Example 1
実情に即して、制度を見直す必要がある。
→ The system must be reviewed in light of actual conditions.
Reading tip
Identify quoted claims, supporting evidence, and the writer's conclusion.
#021 · Argument framing and citations
〜を踏まえて
In light of / based on
Example 1
調査結果を踏まえて、方針を決める。
→ We will decide the policy based on survey findings.
Reading tip
Identify quoted claims, supporting evidence, and the writer's conclusion.
#022 · Argument framing and citations
〜をめぐって
Concerning / over
Example 1
新たな規制をめぐって、意見が分かれている。
→ Opinions are divided over the new regulation.
Reading tip
Identify quoted claims, supporting evidence, and the writer's conclusion.
#023 · Argument framing and citations
〜という観点から
From the viewpoint of
Example 1
公平性という観点から、この案を評価する。
→ We assess the proposal from the perspective of fairness.
Reading tip
Identify quoted claims, supporting evidence, and the writer's conclusion.
#024 · Argument framing and citations
〜からして
Judging from even
Example 1
説明の仕方からして、準備が不足している。
→ Even the manner of explanation suggests inadequate preparation.
Reading tip
Identify quoted claims, supporting evidence, and the writer's conclusion.